• New occupations created by technological innovations
• Existing occupations requiring new high technological skills
• New occupations created as offshoots of existing occupations

"Biotechnology is a promising field that is predicted to be one of the pivotal forces of the 21st Century. Today it is saving lives through the development of breakthrough drugs and improving the quality of life with new agriculture and environmental products."

Biotechnology Industry Organization


TABLE OF CONTENTS

HIGHLIGHTS

There are over 1,300 companies engaged in biotechnology in the United States and over 30 percent of them are located in California.

In 1992, there were about 80,000 people employed nationwide in the biotechnology industry. By the end of the decade over 200,000 will be employed in biotechnology according to the Biotechnology Industry Organization. 

In California, some have predicted that up to 20,000 new jobs will be created in biotechnology companies by the year 2000. Most of these jobs will be in San Diego, Orange and Los Angeles Counties and in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Most growth is expected in the areas of diagnostics and therapeutics since research and development activity and manufacturing have been particularly high in these areas compared to other sectors of the biotechnology industry.

High turnover and attrition in some companies could mean thousands of job openings during the 1990s.

Opportunities exist for workers who have completed their associate and bachelor degrees with emphasis in the biological and laboratory sciences or technology.

INTRODUCTION

These are examples of a few of the many products and processes developed through biotechnology:

• Tomatoes that can ripen on the vine, stay fresh while they are shipped to distant produce markets, and still taste good without falling apart in your hands.
• Crops that can grow in the previously infertile acid soil of a section of Latin America. This area covers about 800,000 square miles or slightly larger than the size of Mexico.
• New drugs which used in combination with existing ones will lower the amount of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) viruses in blood.
• An human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing kit that can be used in the home.
• Potential treatment for Lou Gehrig's disease.
• Biological processes that will alter a tree's growth cycle so that it can be more easily turned into paper while significantly reducing the paper mill's energy and chemical consumption.
• Methods used to capture and convict criminals by identifying an individual's unique deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) characteristics (genetic profiling).
• Corn which produces its own natural pesticides.

One common definition of biotechnology is "the use of living cells and materials to develop and manufacture products used in improving human health, animal health, agriculture, and the environment." Since this definition is quite broad, additional examples on the following pages may help provide a better understanding of biotechnology, its origins, and the industry's 
current status in California.

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Biological methods such as fermentation, cross-breeding, and hybridization have been long used for producing wine, bread and beer, the breeding of animals, and the improvement of farm crops. Scientists suspected for years that nucleic acid in cells carried a major role in cell inheritance, but it was not until the early 1940s that they were able to prove by experiments at 
the Rockefeller Institute that DNA has a direct role in passing genetic information in all living cells. Biotechnology was born in the 1950s with the discovery of the structure and function of the DNA molecule by James Watson and Francis Crick at the University of Cambridge in England.

The DNA molecule contains the genetic information which governs the transmission of hereditary traits from one generation to the next of most living systems. With this knowledge the scientists were able to unlock the mystery of how genetic information was encoded and transmitted. The resulting development of molecular and cellular biology has helped create thetools and technologies for altering genetic information in plants and animals using living cells. 

More about Biotechnology

Biotechnology also can be seen as the commercial application of biological knowledge and modern technologies to manufacture products which are used in agriculture, medical treatment and diagnosis, environmental cleanup, cosmetics, and many other areas.

More specifically, scientists have developed genetically engineered drugs to dissolve blood clots to prevent heart attacks. The development of human insulin to replace insulin from pigs and cows in the late 1987s was considered one of the first major accomplishments of biotechnology. Genetically engineered proteins are used to attack cancer cells, and other
substances are used to halt the growth of cells in leukemia patients.

Medical diagnosis has been advanced by products such as monoclonal antibodies which are being used to detect pregnancy, various kinds of cancer, and the presence of sexually transmitted diseases. In the area of animal health an example of a biotechnology application is the development of a gene-spliced vaccine which is being used to control a rabies epidemic among
raccoons in the Northeast and Florida.

California

Over 32 percent of the 1,300 biotechnology firms in the United States are located in California. These 400 companies plus nonprofit research institutions employ approximately from 50,000 to 65,000 workers. Recent estimates project a national biotechnology workforce of over 105,000 by the year 2000, and the biotech workforce in California could increase by at least
12,000 to 20,000 new jobs by the end of the 1990s.

The Bay Area Bioscience Center reported in Spring of 1993 that California had over 750 bioscience companies, with over 350 in the Bay Area, approximately 50 in San Diego County, 200 in the Greater Los Angeles area, and about 25 in the Davis/Sacramento region. Its definition of bioscience includes not only firms which use biotechnology to develop new products and services but 
also those which develop biotechnology applications, industry suppliers of technical products such as computer software and instrumentation, and universities and research institutions.

All of the major biotechnology centers have several characteristics in common: they have major research universities and leading research institutions; an abundance of talent at all levels of bioscience and biotechnology; a large reservoir of industrial experience such as in computers, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and electronics; and the availability of funds to invest in high technology. 

The path a product takes from conception to the manufacturing stage usually takes many years because of basic research and development, clinical testing, and regulatory factors. As a result, a bioscience company will likely incur enormous costs before its product reaches the manufacturing stage. Until recently, the available pool of talent has been sufficient to meet the needs 
of the companies; however, it has become clear that since the early 1990s there has been a dramatic expansion of the bioscience industry, and there is a serious shortage of workers who have the required skills and education.

Currently, there are hundreds of pharmaceutical companies that have several hundred products created through biotechnology methods that are approaching the end of the research and development phase. Most of these products that successfully pass clinical trials and meet regulatory approvals will find their way to the marketplace. The result will be a rapid increase in production and commercial manufacturing activities which will create thousands of job opportunities for prospective workers who meet the educational and work experience requirements.

The Industry 

Identifying the different types of companies within the biotechnology industry can be difficult. Some companies are created for the purpose of exploring biotechnology, while others use the process of biotechnology to manufacture pharmaceutical, agricultural, environmental and food products.
The types of biotechnology companies can be divided in several ways. The Biotechnology Industry Organization separates the industry into the following areas: 

• therapeutic, 
• human diagnostics, 
• supplier, chemical-
• environmental, 
• and agricultural. 

Other industry organizations have added the categories of energy production, medical devices, biopharmaceutical, veterinary, and various combinations of these categories.

The human therapeutics and diagnostics sectors have, by far, the greatest amount of activity, involving 65 to 70 percent of the biotechnology companies in the United States. About 17 percent of the companies are engaged in producing equipment and supplies for bioscience research and manufacturing.

The following are examples of types of activities taking place in five segments of the biotechnology industry and a brief description of the stages of production for a typical product.

Human Diagnostics: Companies are engaged in producing medical devices to test for genetic and infectious diseases. Genetic diseases, such as Sickle-cell anemia, Cystic Fibrosis, and Alzheimer's disease, are those in which heredity plays a major role. Infectious diseases, like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B, and influenza, are those which are caused by person-to-person exposure to bacteria or a virus. Examples of 
diagnostic products are tests for blood screening for various diseases, materials and equipment used to analyze samples of blood and other bodily fluids, and tools to locate defective genes which cause hereditary diseases. 

Human Therapeutics: Companies produce materials and pharmaceuticals to treat illnesses. Therapeutic products include genetically engineered proteins used to lessen the effects of heart attacks and to slow or halt the growth of 
cancer cells of patients with leukemia. Several companies are developing vaccines to treat AIDS and the diseases that are associated with AIDS. 

Genetically engineered growth hormones are being used to treat dwarfism, and other genetically engineered materials are commonly used to treat anemia and organ transplant rejection. Other diseases which are being treated or prevented through biotechnology include other forms of cancer, diabetes, and 
hemophilia. 

Agricultural & Veterinary: Animal scientists have developed methods for breeding and raising farm animals so that they can be more efficiently raised resulting in lower production costs. Products of biotechnology include treatments and tests for farm animal diseases such as those found in cattle, sheep, and pigs. Vaccines have been developed to prevent diseases such as 
foot-and-mouth disease in cattle, tapeworm in sheep, and dozens of other types of bacterial infections and viruses found in animals throughout the world.

Food/Chemical: Companies are marketing products developed by scientists which detect food-borne microbes and toxins and test for chemical contamination. Genes have been developed to be added to food crops to provide natural protection against insect pests. Genetically engineered enzymes have been used in producing high fructose corn syrup which is used as a sweetener in a large number of prepared foods and beverages and in 
producing enzymes for making cheese. Scientists are also working on plants which are drought and frost resistant.

Environmental: Bacteria have been developed to clean up oil spills and chemical leaks from storage tanks by rendering the toxic materials or hazardous substances harmless. Experts have said that this area of biotechnology offers great promise. Bacteria are also used in cleaning waste water of harmful chemicals and in detoxifying or reducing industrial waste 
at its source.

Stages of Production

Research and Development: A company's first steps in producing and marketing a new product involves the process of research and development (R&D).

During R&D, small scale experiments take place as scientists and laboratory staff work together to develop new products which offer promise. At this point in time, the number of staff is usually quite small. Typically, an R&D team would consist of scientists, research associates, laboratory assistants and technicians. Because research is the primary function of the organization, at this point, most lead scientists possess Ph.D.s while other 
research associates and technical support staff have bachelor's and master's degrees.

Research and Development is a lengthy process (lasting as long as one year or more). Researchers concentrate on new discoveries, and scientists and technical staff engage in process development and the scaling up of production resources to conduct full-scale manufacturing.

R&D uses far fewer workers than manufacturing. Where R&D employs highly educated scientists, engineers, and support personnel, manufacturing does not share the same educational requirements.

Actual production begins at the R&D stage when small amounts of the product are needed for testing and various experiments, including human clinical trials. Production, at this point, includes cell culture and fermentation, where the desired cells and cell parts are grown; primary recovery where the product is captured for further processing; and the purification and packaging of the product into bulk form. 

A company must then prove to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that its product is safe and effective. After receiving approval from the FDA, it may begin testing the drug in clinical trials. During this phase, production of the product takes place in a pilot plant or in an expanded section of the laboratory. Up to fifty people may be employed to operate this small manufacturing facility and to conduct clinical research.

Before receiving FDA approval for manufacturing and marketing, a company must establish that its product is safe and effective and can be manufactured consistently, and the production processes adheres to FDA and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations relating to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs).

As many as fifteen years may pass from the time a product is first conceived, developed, and tested before it finally receives regulatory approval from the FDA for manufacturing. 

Manufacturing and Production: Upon receiving permission from the FDA, the manufacturing process is expanded to produce large quantities of product which may include creating a manufacturing facility. Additional staff are hired for the manufacturing process including technicians, operators of 
production and packaging equipment, quality systems personnel, and workers involved with product distribution.

At this stage of operation, the company is hiring more technical personnel with bachelor's and master's degrees and fewer with Ph.D.s. At the time employment opportunities increase for technicians who have associate's degrees from community colleges as well as for support staff with high school diplomas.

OCCUPATIONAL CLUSTERS AND CATEGORIES

The occupations described in the next section are typical of those found in the biotechnology industry. For the purpose of this report, we are describing occupations which are technical in nature, jobs which can serve as stepping stones to technical positions, and jobs which require high school graduation or graduation from a college or university with a bachelor's or master's degree. Jobs requiring Ph.D.s or which are in a 
company's administrative or sales organization are not included in this report.

Occupational descriptions are grouped by five major categories, all or some of which may be found in a biotechnology company: Research and Development, Clinical Research, Manufacturing and Production, Quality Systems, and Information Systems. Since these job descriptions were derived from a number of industry sources, not all of the occupations may be found in any one given company, and some of the jobs described may have been 
combined with others in actual research and development or manufacturing environments. 

Job Title: These titles reflect jobs commonly found in a biotechnology company.

What They Do: This is a brief job description illustrating an individual's responsibilities and job duties.

Skills/Knowledge: These are examples of some of the major skills, knowledge, and abilities necessary for a worker to successfully carry out the job.

Training Requirements: These are the minimum educational and work experience requirements for the job described. Years of experience required may be stated, for example, as "up to 2 years." This means that employers may be willing to hire job candidates with no experience or may require up to two years of specified experience. 

Wage: A wage range is usually cited. The lower end of the wage range reflects the wages typically paid to entry-level workers. The higher end of the wage range reflects the pay for those workers with two to three years of experience in the job described. Wage data were obtained from industry reports or summaries of published wage surveys.

Occupational Codes: This report includes, where possible, appropriate occupational codes from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles and the Occupational Employment System to provide a means of referencing other occupational materials. "DOT" refers to codes found in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (Fourth Edition, Revision 1). "OES" codes are found in 
the Occupational Employment Statistics system. "NA" indicates that codes were not found in either the DOT or OES system.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF BIOTECHNOLOGY OCCUPATIONS

Animal Handlers
Animal Technicians
Aseptic Fill Assistants
Aseptic Fill Research Associates
Aseptic Fill Technicians
Assay Analysts
Biochemical Development Engineers
Cell Culture & Fermentation
Cell Culture & Fermentation Research Associates
Cell Culture & Fermentation Technicians
Clinical Research Associates
Data Entry Clerks
Documentation Clerks
Greenhouse Assistants
Instrumentation/Calibration Technicians
Laboratory Assistants
Laboratory Support Workers
Library Assistants
Manufacturing Engineers
Manufacturing Research Associates
Manufacturing Technicians
Microbiologists
Plant Breeders
Process Development Associates
Process Development Engineers
Production Planners
Purification Assistants
Purification Manufacturing Associates
Purification Technicians
Quality Assurance Auditors
Quality Control Analysts
Quality Control Engineers
Quality Control Inspectors
Research Associates (R&D)
Safety Specialists
Scientific Programmer Analysts
Scientists
Statisticians
Technical Writers
Validation Technicians

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
GREENHOUSE ASSISTANTS

What They Do: Greenhouse Assistants perform a variety of greenhouse research tasks and experiments. They may make detailed observations to detect horticultural or pest problems and take corrective action as needed. Greenhouse Assistants determine optimal cultural requirements and perform tasks to prevent insects and disease from inhabiting the plants. They may collect, record, and analyze data and assist in the interpretation of results. Assistants may also perform troubleshooting and maintenance of equipment.

Skills/Knowledge

• Attention to detail.
• Ability to understand and follow directions.
• Good written, oral and computer communication skills.

Training/Requirements

• High school diploma or associate degree or equivalent.
• Possess up to two years of greenhouse or plant experience.

Wage Range: $21,000 - $32,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Scientific Helper, 199.364-014

OES:
Physical Life Science Technicians, 245990

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
LABORATORY ASSISTANTS

What They Do: Laboratory Assistants are responsible for performing a variety of tasks in the laboratory including weighing and measuring compounds and solutions, making detailed observations, analyzing data on experiments, and interpreting results. They may also write experimental reports and summaries. Assistants maintain laboratory equipment and inventories for laboratory equipment and supplies. They may perform limited troubleshooting and calibration of laboratory instruments and also care for and handle animals in animal laboratories.

Skills/Knowledge

• Attention to detail.
• Good oral, written and computer communication skills.
• Ability to follow and execute detailed instructions.
• Ability to understand regulatory procedures.
• Understanding of troubleshooting procedures.

Training/Requirements

• High school diploma or associate degree in the laboratory sciences.
• Have up to two years of laboratory experience.

Wage Range: $17,000 - $29,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Scientific Helper, 199.364-014

OES:
Physical Life Science Technicians, 245990

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
LABORATORY SUPPORT WORKERS

What They Do: Laboratory Support Workers are responsible for washing and caring for glassware in the laboratory. They distribute the equipment to work stations within the laboratory. They operate and maintain the glass washing equipment and keep the work area clean and neat. They may use the autoclave to sterilize glassware and other laboratory items and keep 
inventory of supplies.

Skills/Knowledge

• Ability to maintain accurate records.
• Good written and oral communication skills.
• Ability to understand and follow directions.

Training/Requirements

• High school diploma or associate degree or equivalent.
• Up to two years of work experience preferred.

Wage Range: $12,000 - $21,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Cleaner, Laboratory Equipment, 381.687-022 

OES:
Janitors, Cleaners, 670050

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
PLANT BREEDERS

What They Do: Plant Breeders work with research staff in designing, developing, executing, and carrying out plant breeding research projects to develop and improve varieties of crops. They work on projects to improve crop characteristics such as size, yield, resistance to disease, weather, and insect pests. The Breeder may use exotic germ plasm and work with 
various mating systems. They integrate with biotechnology as needed to enhance selection methods and accelerate product development.

Skills/Knowledge

• Ability to maintain accurate records.
• Attention to detail.
• Good oral, written and computer communication skills.

Training/Requirements

• BS degree or equivalent.
• Up to two years of experience in plant breeding, agronomics and/or 
• training in plant breeding or plant science.

Wage Range: $20,000 - $40,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Plant Breeder, 041.061-082

OES:
Biological Scientists, 243080

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
RESEARCH ASSOCIATES

What They Do: Research Associates in Research and Development are usually responsible for performing research and laboratory tasks for projects and products in collaboration with others. They assist in the design and execution of experiments and in the interpretation of the results of the scientific investigation. Their work often requires the preparation of technical reports, protocols, summaries and analyses of data. Research Associates may act as principal investigators in conducting their own experiments.

Skills/Knowledge

• Good oral, written and computer communication skills.
• Ability to maintain accurate records.
• Ability to read and understand relevant scientific literature.
• Strong observational and computational skills.

Training/Requirements

• BS or MS degree in a discipline such as biology, biochemistry, chemistry, molecular biology, or biotechnology.
• Possess up to two years of laboratory experience with MS and two to five years with BS.

Wage Range: $25,000 - $45,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Various biology and chemistry occupations

OES:
Biological Scientists, 243080
Chemists, 241050

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
SCIENTISTS

What They Do: Scientists perform similar tasks as Research Associates however they are expected to utilize a more detailed knowledge of scientific theory and applications and to apply this knowledge towards the development of new products and inventions and to solve complex research problems. 

The Scientist is usually responsible for designing and implementing scientific research and development projects in conjunction with other research staff. They provide scientific guidance to staff and may supervise other Scientists 
and Research Associates.

Skills/Knowledge

• High degree of scientific creativity and technical proficiency.
• Excellent oral, written and computer communication skills.
• Ability to transfer scientific knowledge to practical applications.

Training/Requirements

• MS degree in biological sciences or chemistry with up to five years of experience in a research environment or Ph.D. in a scientific discipline with up to two years of experience.

Wage Range: $40,000 - $65,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:

Various biology and chemistry occupations

OES:
Biological Scientists, 243080
Chemists, 241050

CLINICAL RESEARCH
ANIMAL HANDLERS

What They Do: Animal Handlers are responsible for the daily care of laboratory animals. They provide food and water to the animals and clean and disinfect their cages, racks, and pens. Handlers examine the animals for signs of illness, provide grooming and baths, adjust the temperature and humidity of the animal quarters, and maintain records to comply with regulatory standards and operating procedures.

Skills/Knowledge

• Ability to monitor, restrain, handle, and care for laboratory animals.
• Attention to detailed instructions.
• Good oral, written and computer communication skills.
• Ability to maintain detailed records.

Training/Requirements

• High school diploma or equivalent with a scientific background.
• Possess up to two years of laboratory experience.

Wage Range: $13,000 to $18,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Animal Caretaker, 410.674-010

OES:
Animal Caretakers, except Farm, 790170

CLINICAL RESEARCH
ANIMAL TECHNICIANS

What They Do: Animal Technicians provide care for research animals before and after surgery. They check on their condition after surgery and maintain required records of their condition. Technicians are also responsible for obtaining laboratory animals, supplies, carrying out preventative maintenance of laboratory equipment, and developing standard operating procedures for the handling and care of animals. In addition, they prepare 
the treatment rooms for surgery and assist in restraining the animal during examinations and inoculations.

Skills/Knowledge

• Ability to monitor, restrain, handle, and care for laboratory animals.
• Understand detailed instructions and procedures.
• Ability to maintain required laboratory records.

Training/Requirements

• High school diploma or equivalent with a scientific background.
• Possess up to two years of laboratory experience.

Wage Range: $16,000 - $23,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Veterinary Technician, 079.361-014

OES:
Veterinary Technicians, 329510
Veterinary Assistants, 798060

CLINICAL RESEARCH
CLINICAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES

What They Do: Clinical Research Associates design, plan, and implement clinical research projects. They monitor the running of clinical trials at each trial site and collect pertinent biological data. Research Associates are responsible for evaluating and analyzing clinical data and coordinating activities of associates to ensure compliance with technical guidelines and overall clinical objectives. 

Skills/Knowledge

• Knowledge and understanding of clinical terminology and operations.
• Attention to detail.
• Good organization and oral, written and computer communication skills.
• Understanding of regulatory practices.

Training/Requirements

• BS or MS degree in biological sciences or RN degree or equivalent.
• Possess up to two years experience in medical research, pharmaceutical research, or nursing.

Wage Range: $30,000 to $55,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT: Not Available

OES:
Biological Scientists, 243080

CLINICAL RESEARCH
DATA ENTRY CLERKS

What They Do: Data Entry Clerks are responsible for using a keyboard or other type of data entry device to enter clinical research data into a computer statistical database. They may operate on-line terminals, personal computers, and scanners.

Skills/Knowledge

• Ability to key enter data at a high speed and with accuracy.
• Good spelling and grammatical skills.
• Familiarity with technical language and terminology.

Training/Requirements

• High school diploma or AA degree with training in word processing, data entry or some job experience.

Wage Range: $11,000 to $25,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Data Entry Clerk, 203.582-054

OES:
Data Entry Keyers, 560170

CLINICAL RESEARCH
STATISTICIANS 

What They Do: Statisticians in clinical research work with company staff in various departments to design, test, and implement statistical programs which process data generated from clinical trials. They are responsible for planning data collection efforts, interpreting and evaluating the data 
produced, identifying trends and data relationships, and taking action to correct data inconsistencies. 

Their data are usually presented in the form of computer generated tables, charts, graphs, and written reports.

Skills/Knowledge

• Understanding of clinical terminology and regulations relating to good clinical practices.
• Good organization and oral, written and computer communication skills.
• Familiarity with technical language and terminology.

Training/Requirements

• BS or MS degree and above in mathematics or statistics.
• Possess up to two years experience in clinical research.

Wage Range: $25,000 to $45,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Statistician, Applied, 020.167-026

OES:
Statisticians, 253120

CLINICAL RESEARCH
TECHNICAL WRITERS

What They Do: Technical Writers write and edit laboratory procedure manuals, standard operating procedures, and other technical and administrative publications. The Technical Writer edits and rewrites material in compliance with governmental regulatory and company standards and language and assists in developing documentation and materials for training, reference, informational and other purposes.

Some Technical Writers specialize in researching, writing and editing clinical reports for submission to regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration.

Skills/Knowledge

• Ability to write in coherent technical English.
• Understand clinical terminology.
• Familiarity with federal standards for technical reports and proposals.

Training/Requirements

• BS degree or equivalent.
• Have up to two years of experience in writing and editing technical reports.

Wage Range: $25,000 to $45,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Writer, Technical Publications, 131.267-026

OES:
Technical Writers, 340050

MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
ASEPTIC FILL ASSISTANTS

What They Do: Aseptic Fill Assistants set up and operate equipment used to manufacture and package new and existing products. Assistants weigh, measure, and check products to assure that they contain the correct proportion of specified ingredients.

Skills/Knowledge

• Ability to maintain accurate records.
• Familiarity with regulatory requirements and standard operating procedures.
• Ability to use basic math to collect data and perform calculations.
• Ability to document processes and troubleshoot problems.

Training/Requirements

• High school diploma or associate degree in biotechnology or related health sciences field.
• Up to two years of experience in sterile manufacturing environment is preferred.

Wage Range: $18,000 to $26,000 per year

Occupational Codes: Not Available

MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
ASEPTIC FILL TECHNICIANS

What They Do: Aseptic Fill Technicians assist in setting up, operating, and maintaining production systems. They may also be responsible for assisting in the packaging and distribution processes and in maintaining production equipment.

Skills/Knowledge

• Knowledge of manufacturing procedures and federal regulations pertaining to manufacturing practices.
• Familiarity with process flow diagrams and statistical process control.
• Ability to select appropriate methods and procedures to solve technical problems.
• Perform effectively under stress or in emergencies.

Training/Requirements

• Associate degree in biological sciences or BS degree in a scientific discipline.
• Possess up to 2 years experience.

Wage Range: $21,000 - $32,000 per year

Occupational Codes: Not Available

MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
ASEPTIC FILL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES

What They Do: Aseptic Fill Research Associates put company production procedures into practice. They may assist in developing the processes to improve product yield and to reduce the costs in manufacturing systems relating to aseptic fill.

Research Associates may also be responsible for operating and troubleshooting packaging equipment and have responsibility for servicing the equipment. 

Skills/Knowledge

• Knowledge about how the production systems operate.
• Ability to suggest and develop improvements to the production system.
• Ability to select appropriate methods and procedures to solve technical problems.
• Attention to detail.
• Knowledge of process flow diagrams, statistical process control, and production scheduling.

Training/Requirements

• BS or MS degree in a biological science.
• Have up to two years of experience in aseptic fill in a manufacturing environment.

Wage Range: $24,000 - $55,000 per year

Occupational Codes: Not Available

MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
ASSAY ANALYSTS

What They Do: Assay analysts perform assays and tests on tissue and cell cultures to evaluate the quality of the culture media. They obtain and read standard protocols and procedures for testing. Analysts prepare, maintain, and check cell cultures and tissues, reagents, and equipment prior to tests.
They must also document and record test results and assist in modifying assay procedures.

Skills/Knowledge

• Good oral, written, and computer communication skills.
• Ability to use basic math.
• Ability to follow formal procedures and instructions.
• Knowledge of procedures used in troubleshooting problems in the event of equipment or test failure.
• Ability to document and report test results.
• Understand company quality control and quality assurance systems.

Training/Requirements

• High school diploma or equivalent.
• Up to 2 years of experience in sterile manufacturing environment.

Wage Range: Not Available

Occupational Codes: Not Available

MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
BIOCHEMICAL DEVELOPMENT ENGINEERS

What They Do: Biochemical Development Engineers are responsible for the design and scaling up of processes, instruments, and equipment from the laboratory stages of development to the pilot plant and manufacturing process.
The engineer is also responsible for assisting manufacturing staff in solving problems related to production equipment and systems and for participating in the design of new manufacturing facilities and equipment. In addition, the engineer develops and recommends new process formulas and technologies to achieve cost effectiveness and product quality.

Skills/Knowledge

• Good oral, written, and computer communication skills.
• Knowledge of pilot plant and manufacturing processes, manufacturing facilities and equipment.

Training/Requirements

• BS degree in biological, chemical, or pharmaceutical engineering or elated discipline.
• Up to 2 years of experience in pharmaceutical processes or research product development.

Wage Range: Not Available

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Chemical Engineer, 008.061-018

OES:
Chemical Engineers, 221140

MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
CELL CULTURE AND FERMENTATION ASSISTANTS

What They Do: These Assistants support manufacturing staff in specific product-related operations in bacterial fermentation. They operate and maintain production equipment used in bacterial fermentation such as bioreactors, cell harvest, and separation procedures. They also weigh, measure, and check raw materials to assure proper ingredients and quantities and maintain records to comply with regulatory requirements.

Skills/Knowledge

• Good oral, written, and computer communication skills.
• Ability to follow formal procedures and instructions.
• Knowledge of procedures used in troubleshooting problems.
• Ability to document and report test results.
• Understand company quality control and quality assurance systems.

Training/Requirements

• High school diploma or associate degree in microbiology, cell biology in biotechnology, or a health related field.
• Up to 2 years of experience in sterile manufacturing environment.

Wage Range: $18,000 - $26,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Fermenter Operator, 559.685-070
Laboratory Assistant, Culture Media, 559.384-010

OES:
Chemical Equipment Tenders, 929380
Biological, Agricultural, Food Technicians, 245020

MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
CELL CULTURE AND FERMENTATION TECHNICIANS

What They Do: Cell Culture and Fermentation Technicians are responsible for successfully completing all activities involved with cell cultures to maintain protein production levels in compliance with established production practices and procedures. The technicians operate and maintain bioreactors used for monoclonal antibody/protein production. They also assist in 
preparing production standards and procedures.

Skills/Knowledge

• Good oral, written, and computer communication skills.
• Attention to detail and sterile techniques.
• Knowledge of good manufacturing practices.

Training/Requirements

• Associate degree in biotechnology or biology or BS degree in biological sciences or related health fields.
• Experience in sterile manufacturing environment.

Wage Range: $21,000 - $32,000 per year

Occupational Codes: Not Available

MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
CELL CULTURE AND FERMENTATION RESEARCH ASSOCIATES

What They Do: Research Associates in cell culture and fermentation are responsible for operating and troubleshooting the operation of bioreactors. They produce cell and virus concentrations and volumes according to production schedules and perform cell culture activities such as preparing the media and components, assisting in the development of production 
testing, harvesting cells and assuring that required production procedures are being followed. 

Skills/Knowledge

• Thorough knowledge of bioreactors.
• Ability to devise improvements to existing systems.
• Ability to design, execute and interpret prototype fermentation methods.

Training/Requirements

• BS or MS degree in microbiology or cellular biology.
• Up to 2 years of experience in pharmaceutical processes or research product development.

Wage Range: $24,000 - $42,000 per year

Occupational Codes: Not Available

MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
INSTRUMENTATION/CALIBRATION TECHNICIANS

What They Do: Instrumentation/Calibration Technicians are responsible for maintaining, testing, calibrating, and repairing a variety of circuits, components, analytical equipment and instrumentation. Technicians calibrate instrumentation, perform validation studies, and set up purchases of equipment. They analyze test results, develop test specifications and electrical schematics, and maintain logs and required documentation. 
They may prepare technical reports with recommendations for solving technical problems.

Skills/Knowledge

• Ability to accurately document findings.
• Ability to communicate effectively in writing, orally and electronically.
• Knowledge and ability to follow regulations pertaining to good manufacturing practices.
• Ability to troubleshoot equipment failure.

Training/Requirements

• High school diploma or AA degree in biotechnology or health related fields.
• Scientific background and from one to two years of experience in quality control systems.

Wage Range: $22,000 to $35,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Calibrator, 710.381-034

OES:
Workers, Precision, 899990

MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
MANUFACTURING ENGINEERS

What They Do: Manufacturing Engineers are responsible for developing, implementing, evaluating and maintaining manufacturing methods, operational sequences, and manufacturing processes. They work with engineering 
department staff to coordinate the release of new products, estimate manufacturing costs, determine time standards and recommend production requirements for new and existing product lines. 

Skills/Knowledge

• Good oral, written, and computer communication skills.
• Knowledge of product design and materials.
• Knowledge of manufacturing processes, equipment capabilities, and production methods.
• Knowledge and understanding of quality control/assurance standards.

Training/Requirements

• BS degree in a scientific discipline or equivalent.
• Up to 2 years experience in research product development or in manufacturing.

Wage Range: $32,000 - $56,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Manufacturing Engineer, 012.167-042 

OES:
Industrial Engineers, 221280

MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
MANUFACTURING RESEARCH ASSOCIATES

What They Do: Manufacturing Research Associates are responsible for assisting in the implementation of production procedures to improve manufacturing processes. The Research Associate may also maintain production equipment and be involved in the packaging and distribution processes.

Skills/Knowledge

• Good oral, written, and computer communication skills.
• Detailed knowledge of manufacturing systems.
• Knowledge of good manufacturing practices and attention to detail.
• Ability to identify and devise methods to improve existing systems.
• Good computational skills.

Training/Requirements

• BS or MS degree in biological sciences or in other scientific discipline.
• Up to two years of experience in a manufacturing environment.

Wage Range: $22,000 to 40,000 per year

Occupational Codes: Not Available

MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
MANUFACTURING TECHNICIANS

What They Do: Manufacturing Technicians operate and maintain equipment used in the manufacturing and packaging of products. Technicians are responsible for implementing and coordinating production in the fermentation, purification and septic fill processes. They weigh, measure and check raw materials, and ensure that the manufactured batches contain the proper amount and mix of ingredients.

Skills/Knowledge

• Good oral, written, and computer communication skills.
• Ability to understand detailed instructions.
• Knowledge of good manufacturing practices.

Training/Requirements

• HS diploma or equivalent at the entry level.
• BS or MS degree in biological sciences.
• Up to 2 years of experience in manufacturing.

Wage Range: $18,000 - $33,000 per year

Occupational Codes: Not Available

MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
PROCESS DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATES

What They Do: Process Development Associates implement procedures to optimize and improve manufacturing processes. They assist in developing production processes which improve product yield and reduce production costs. Processes may be in fermentation, purification, and aseptic fill areas. Associates may be also responsible for researching, developing, and implementing new methods and technologies to improve production.

Skills/Knowledge

• Good oral, written, and computer communication skills.
• Attention to detail essential.
• Detailed knowledge of manufacturing processes, equipment capabilities, and production methods.

Training/Requirements

• BS or MS degree in biosciences, other scientific disciplines or in engineering.
• Up to 2 years experience in manufacturing.

Wage Range: $22,000 - $38,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Production Engineer, 012.167-046

OES:
Industrial Engineers, 221280

MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
PROCESS DEVELOPMENT ENGINEERS

What They Do: Process Development Engineers design, develop, modify and enhance existing manufactured products and manufacturing processes. Specific tasks vary depending on the type of process under consideration, for example, assignments may involve electrical, mechanical, or chemical engineering. Engineers may be responsible for contacts with outside vendors 
and for the administration of contracts.

Skills/Knowledge

• Ability to suggest and develop improvements to the production system.
• Familiarity with regulatory requirements and standard operating procedures.

Training/Requirements

• 
  BS or MS degree in the biosciences or in electrical, mechanical, or chemical engineering.
• Up to 2 years of related experience.

Wage Range: $25,000 - $53,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Chemical Engineer, 008.061-018
Electrical Engineer, 003.061-010
Mechanical Engineer, 007.061-014

OES:
Chemical Engineers, 221140
Electrical Engineers, 221260
Mechanical Engineers, 221350

MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION PLANNERS

What They Do: Production Planners plan, schedule, and coordinate all of the activities throughout the manufacturing process. They draft schedules for each operational step, assure that materials are available, and determine that all production activities are in place to meet expected completion and shipping dates. Planners work closely with staff in production, quality control, customer service, and marketing and sales to assure that production schedules can be met and that the finished products are meeting company standards and customer needs. 

Skills/Knowledge

• Possess good written, oral and computer communication skills.
• Ability to analyze processes in detail.
• Ability to select appropriate methods and procedures to solve technical problems.
• Perform effectively under stress or in emergencies.

Training/Requirements

• BS degree or equivalent.
• Possess up to 2 years of manufacturing experience.

Wage Range: $21,000 - $31,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Production Planner, 012.167-050

OES:
Industrial Engineers-except Safety, 221280

MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
PURIFICATION ASSISTANTS 

What They Do: Purification Assistants assist technicians in setting up and maintaining equipment used in protein purification and in the manufacturing of final products. They also assist in the preparation of materials used in the purification process. Purification Assistants also check, weigh, and measure batches of manufactured materials to assure that they contain the correct ingredients and proper amounts. This is usually an entry level position involving primarily routine work assignments.

Skills/Knowledge

• Ability to understand and follow instructions.
• Knowledge of and adherence to good manufacturing practices, regulatory requirements, and company production policies.
• Ability to take and maintain detailed records.

Training/Requirements

• HS diploma or associate degree in a bioscience or health field.
• Have up to two years of experience in sterile manufacturing.

Wage Range: $18,000 - $26,000 per year

Occupational Codes: Not Available

MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
PURIFICATION MANUFACTURING ASSOCIATES

What They Do: Purification Manufacturing Associates are responsible for implementing improvements to existing purification systems. They may also assist in developing processes to reduce production costs while improving the final product. Associates may operate purification equipment and have responsibility for troubleshooting and maintaining this equipment.

Skills/Knowledge

• Ability to maintain accurate records.
• Familiarity with regulatory requirements and standard operating procedures.
• Detailed knowledge of purification systems.
• Ability to document processes and diagnose problems.

Training/Requirements

• BS or MS in biochemistry or other scientific discipline.
• Have up to two years of related experience.

Wage Range: $27,000 - $42,000 per year

Occupational Codes: Not Available

MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
PURIFICATION TECHNICIANS 

What They Do: Purification Technicians set up, operate and maintain the equipment used in protein purification. They prepare buffers used in the purification process and perfume in-process testing.

Skills/Knowledge

• Knowledge of manufacturing procedures and federal regulations relating to manufacturing practices.
• Ability to maintain accurate and detailed records.

Training/Requirements

• Associate degree in laboratory sciences or BS in biotechnology or related scientific field.
• Possess up to 2 years experience preferably in sterile manufacturing.

Wage Range: $21,000 - $32,000 per year

Occupational Codes: Not Available

QUALITY SYSTEMS
DOCUMENTATION CLERKS

What They Do: Documentation Clerks are responsible for maintaining the company's documentation system requirements such as standard operating procedures and other required documentation. They audit documentation manuals to assure that they are accurate and current and maintain a filing system of all master documents.

Skills/Knowledge

• Good written, oral and computer communication skills.
• Ability to maintain and locate documents and records.
• Ability to work independently.

Training/Requirements

• High school diploma or associate degree.
• Up to two years of experience in documentation or quality control or quality assurance.

Wage Range:
$20,000 to $30,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
File Clerk I, 206.387-034

OES:
File Clerks, 553210 

QUALITY SYSTEMS
MICROBIOLOGISTS

What They Do: Microbiologists develop and carry out chemical, physical and biochemical tests to study microscopic organisms, such as bacteria and viruses, found in samples of raw materials used in production and in samples of in-process and finished products. Using optical and electron microscopes, chromatographic equipment, spectrophotometers, amino acid analyzers, and other equipment to examine microorganisms to ensure that company and regulatory quality standards are being met. They are also responsible for documenting the results of microbiological tests.

Skills/Knowledge

• Ability to work independently and in work groups and teams.
• Good written and oral communication skills.
• Knowledge and understanding of company, industry, and regulatory standards.
• Ability to carry out detailed tasks requiring high degrees of 
  accuracy.

Training/Requirements

• BS or MS degree in microbiology.

Wage Range:
$26,000 to $47,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Microbiologist, 041.061-058

OES:
Biological Scientists, 243080

QUALITY SYSTEMS
QUALITY ASSURANCE AUDITORS

What They Do: Quality Assurance Auditors perform audits of the production and quality control departments to determine if these organizational units are adhering to regulatory requirements on good manufacturing practices and are complying with company specifications and standards. 

Skills/Knowledge

• Ability to understand regulatory standards.
• Good organizational, computational and communication skills.
• Ability to maintain detailed records.

Training/Requirements

• BS degree in the biosciences or another scientific discipline.
• Up to two years of experience in biological or pharmaceutical manufacturing.

Wage Range:
$26,000 to $40,000 per year

Occupational Codes

NA

QUALITY SYSTEMS
QUALITY CONTROL ANALYSTS

What They Do: Quality Control Analysts conduct routine and non-routine analysis of raw materials and formulations which are in-process or finished according to standard operating procedures. They compile data for the documentation of testing procedures and prepare reports and review data to determine if products are being produced in accordance with specifications.

They are also responsible for revising and updating company standard operating procedures and may calibrate and maintain laboratory equipment.

Skills/Knowledge

• Knowledge of statistical flow diagrams and process flow diagrams.
• Familiarity with regulations pertaining to good manufacturing and good laboratory practices.

Training/Requirements

• BS or MS degree in biological sciences or another scientific discipline.
• Possess up to two to five years of experience preferably in a research environment in chemistry or biochemistry.

Wage Range:
$26,000 - $40,000

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Quality Control Technician, 012.261-014

OES:
Physical, Life Science Technicians, NEC, 245990

QUALITY SYSTEMS
QUALITY CONTROL ENGINEERS

What They Do: Quality Control Engineers develop, apply and maintain quality control standards for processing materials into partially finished or finished products. Engineers design and implement methods and procedures for inspecting, testing, and evaluating the precision and accuracy of the production equipment and equipment used in the testing and inspection.

They prepare documentation for inspection, testing procedures to assure that products comply with company and regulatory practices. Engineers may also conduct company training or supervise quality control efforts.

Skills/Knowledge

• Knowledge of statistical flow diagrams and process flow diagrams.
• Familiarity with regulations pertaining to good manufacturing and good laboratory practices.

Training/Requirements

• BS or MS degree in engineering or the biological sciences.
• Possess up to two to five years of quality control experience.

Wage Range:
$30,000 to $50,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Quality Control Engineer, 012.167-054

OES:
Industrial Engineer, except Safety, 221280

QUALITY SYSTEMS
QUALITY CONTROL INSPECTORS

What They Do: Quality Control Inspectors are responsible for performing a variety of inspections, checks, tests, and sampling procedures on raw materials, materials in-process, and finished products to be sent to a microbiologist or Quality Control Analyst for further analysis. They document their findings for other staff to evaluate. They also monitor the operation of critical equipment and instrumentation and write and revise inspection procedures and inspection checklists.

Skills/Knowledge

• Ability to accurately document findings.
• Ability to communicate effectively in writing, orally and by computer.
• Knowledge and ability to follow regulations pertaining to good manufacturing practices.
• Ability to troubleshoot equipment failure.

Training/Requirements

• High school diploma or associate degree in biotechnology or health related fields.
• Scientific background and from one to two years of experience in quality control systems.

Wage Range:
$22,000 to $35,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Quality Control Technician 012.261-014

OES:
Physical, Life Science Technicians, NEC, 245990

QUALITY SYSTEMS 
SAFETY SPECIALISTS

What They Do: Safety Specialists develop, implement, and monitor industrial safety programs. They inspect plant areas on a regular basis to ensure compliance with federal and state occupational and safety regulations. They evaluate equipment and raw materials for safety and monitor and perform tests to determine employee exposure to toxic materials, noise and other hazards. Safety Specialists may be responsible for providing employee training in hazardous waste collection and disposal.

Skills/Knowledge

• Thorough understanding of federal and state industrial safety regulations and industry and professional standards.
•  Good organization and oral, written, and computer communication skills.
• Ability to accurately document and report test results and to take appropriate corrective action.

Training/Requirements

• BS degree or equivalent.
• Possess up to two years of related experience.

Wage Range:
$20,000 to $36,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Safety Inspector, 168.264-014

OES:
Compliance Officers and Enforcement Inspectors--except Construction, 219100

QUALITY SYSTEMS 
VALIDATION TECHNICIANS

What They Do: Validation Technicians develop, perform and prepare test procedures and standards to determine and ensure that products are being manufactured according to regulatory standards, company specifications and validation requirements. They compile and analyze validation data, prepare reports and recommend changes and improvements in manufacturing procedures.

They also maintain validation records and data files. Validation technicians may be responsible for troubleshooting manufacturing problems and developing solutions.

Skills/Knowledge

• Good documentation and computational skills.
• Understanding of regulations pertaining to good manufacturing practices.
• Good organization and oral, written, and computer communications skills.

Training/Requirements

• High school diploma or associate degree in a biotechnical or related health sciences field.
• Have up to two years of experience in a sterile manufacturing environment.

Wage Range:
$25,000 to $40,000 per year

Occupational Codes

NA

INFORMATION SYSTEMS 
LIBRARY ASSISTANTS

What They Do: Library Assistants locate and order articles and 
publications requested by library users. These materials may be in the form of books, periodicals, microfiche, audio and video tapes, computer diskettes, and other electronic media. They perform special data collection projects as requested and are responsible for conducting on-line computer searches of scientific databases. Library Assistants are also responsible for maintaining the publications catalog systems.

Skills/Knowledge

• Ability to communicate effectively.
• Ability to use computers to conduct data searches and for word processing.
• Detail oriented.

Training/Requirements

• High school diploma or equivalent.
• Possess up to two years of relevant library experience or completion of on-the-job training.

Wage Range: $12,000 to $20,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Library Assistant, 249.367-046

OES:
Library Assistants, etc., 539020

INFORMATION SYSTEMS 
SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMER ANALYSTS 

What They Do: Scientific Programmer Analysts design, develop, evaluate and modify computer programs to solve scientific or engineering problems and to support research and development efforts. They analyze existing systems and formulate logic for new systems. Analysts devise logical procedures, prepare flow charts, develop coding, perform tests and debug programs. They are responsible for providing documentation for new and existing programs, determining system specifications, input and output processes, and hardware and software compatibility.

Skills/Knowledge

• Analytical skills.
• Ability to think logically.
• Good communication and interpersonal skills.
• Ability to work with abstract concepts and to work accurately under pressure.

Training/Requirements

-- BS degree in a scientific discipline or equivalent.
-- Possess up to two years of related experience.

Wage Range: $24,000 to $50,000 per year

Occupational Codes

DOT:
Programmer-Analyst, 030.162-014

OES:
System Analysts, Elec. Data Processing, 251020

PREPARING FOR JOBS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

Employers have stated that there are many skills and abilities that they look for in entry-level workers. Some of these include the following:

• Ability to work as a team member.
• General laboratory skills.
• English language skills: to communicate and understand written and spoken instructions and directions, conduct record keeping, and maintain log books.
• Use of basic math: add, subtract, multiply, and divide using whole numbers, fractions, and decimals; solve problems using percentages, metric system conversions, and ratios. Highly level technical jobs will require competency in college level mathematics.
• Use of computers for word processing, producing spreadsheets, and manipulating data.
• Ability to understand and follow instructions such as governmental regulations and company policies relating to safety, production practices and laboratory procedures.
• Attention to detail.
• Recognition of problems and reporting them.

Students preparing for careers in biotechnology should be prepared to complete high school courses such as chemistry, biology, and mathematics. Laboratory experience and training is especially important to develop the basic skills that will be needed on the job or to succeed in course work at community college and university levels. A strong base in the high school sciences and mathematics, in addition to the development of communication skills, is especially necessary to prepare students for employment if they wish to enter the workforce upon graduation from high school.

Some community colleges, industry organizations, and companies have established or are attempting to forge partnerships to provide training to prospective biotechnology technicians.

Students should work closely with their instructors, counselors and advisers throughout their years in high school and college to plan their academic programs and to assess their opportunities in the industry. 

Companies may be willing to hire interns, and many will consider interns who have completed high school, graduates with associate degrees, and students attending community colleges. 

Most biotechnology companies provide in-house training following employment; however, it would be more realistic to expect training from a combination of sources: employers, colleges and universities, and technical schools. 

For those who are interested in careers as scientists in California, most community colleges offer courses in the biological sciences. Schools in the California State University and University of California systems and private institutions throughout the state offer numerous courses ranging from biology and the biological sciences to biochemistry, bioengineering, and biomedical physics to molecular and cellular biology.

Students should be aware that the biotechnology industry continually changes as it develops new products. The mix of workers in the manufacturing stage will differ from the worker mix in research and development. Some companies may eventually specialize in R&D while others may concentrate more on manufacturing. A company specializing in R&D will tend to hire fewer workers than a manufacturing facility. It will also hire mainly scientists, engineers, and a small number of technicians to develop and test their products. When a company reaches the manufacturing stage, it then hires more workers to staff technical, clerical, administrative, sales, and maintenance positions.

RELATED ACADEMIC PROGRAMS IN CALIFORNIA COMMUNITY COLLEGES

The following is a list of programs offered in the California Community College system in the biological sciences and related areas. It was compiled from the publication California Colleges and Universities-1995 published by the California Postsecondary Education Commission. Prospective students interested in these programs should contact these schools for more detailed information. This list is not all-inclusive and subject to change at any time.

BIOCHEMISTRY
College of San Mateo
College of the Siskiyous

BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES
College of Alameda
Citrus College
Los Medanos College
San Diego City College
Victor Valley College

BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY/BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
Fullerton College

BIOLOGY/BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Allan Hancock College
Antelope Valley College
Bakersfield College
Barstow College
Butte-Glenn College
Cabrillo College
Canada College
Cero Coso Community College
Cerritos College
Chabot College
Chaffey College
Citrus College
College of Alameda
College of Marin
College of the Canyons
College of the Desert
College of San Mateo
College of the Redwoods
College of the Sequoias
Columbia College
Compton Community College
Contra Costa College
Crafton Hills College
Cuesta College
Cuyamaca College
Cypress College
Diablo Valley College
East Los Angeles College
El Camino College
Feather River College
Foothill College
Fresno City College
Fullerton College
Gavilan College
Glendale Community College
Golden West College
Grossmont College
Hartnell College
Imperial Valley College
Kings River Community College
Las Positas College
Long Beach City College
Los Angeles Mission College
Los Angeles Southwest College
Los Angeles Valley College
Mendocino College
Merced College
MiraCosta College
Mission College
Modesto Junior College
Monterey Peninsula College
Moorpark College
Mt. San Antonio College
Mt. San Jacinto College
Orange Coast College
Oxnard College
Palo Verde College
Palomar College
Pasadena City College
Porterville College
Rancho Santiago College
Riverside Community College
Saddleback College
San Bernardino Valley College
San Diego City College
San Diego Mesa College
San Diego Miramar College
San Francisco City College
San Joaquin Delta College
San Jose City College
Santa Barbara City College
Santa Monica College
Santa Rosa Junior College
Shasta College
Skyline College
Solano Community College
Southwestern College
Taft College
West Hills College
West Los Angeles College
West Valley College
Yuba College

BIOMEDICAL ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT TECHNOLOGY
Cerritos College
Los Angeles City College
Los Angeles Valley College
Napa Valley College
San Joaquin Delta College

BIOTECHNOLOGY/BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH
Contra Costa College
DeAnza College
MiraCosta College
San Diego Miramar College
Skyline College
Vista College

LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
Merced College

MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
Fresno City College
San Diego Mesa College
College of the Siskiyous

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
East Los Angeles City College
Fullerton College

MICROBIOLOGY
Compton Community College
Crafton Hills College
Foothill College
Fullerton College
Rancho Santiago College
Riverside City College
Shasta College
College of the Siskiyous
Southwestern College

SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

New York Biotechnology Association, Inc.
25 East Loop Road
Stony Brook, NY 11790
(516) 444-8895
http://www.nyba.org/

Bay Area Bioscience Center
1300 Clay Street, Suite 320
Oakland, CA 94612
(510) 874-1464
http://babc.bio.com/

Biotechnology Industry Organization
1625 K Street, N.W., Suite 1100
Washington, DC 20006
(202) 857-0244
http://www.bio.org/welcome.html

Education Development Center, Inc.
55 Chapel Street
Newton, MA 02158-1060
(617) 969-7100
http://www.edc.org/

American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
9650 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20814-3996
(301) 53300-7145

American Society for Microbiology
Office of Education and Training-Career Information
1325 Massachusetts Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20005
(202) 737-3600
http://www.asmusa.org/

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Biotechnicians: Employment Projections and Skills Requirements, 
BioQuest, Inc., San Francisco, California, 1993

Biotechnology Industry Training Needs, The Resource Group, Riverside, California, 1995

Biotechnology: The Choice for Your Future, Biotechnology Industry Organization, Washington, D.C., 1991.

"California Bioscience Industry," Bay Area Bioscience Reports, Spring 1993, Bay Area Bioscience Center, Oakland, California

California Colleges and Universities-1995, California Postsecondary Education Commission, Sacramento, California, 1995.

Cony, Ann, "Calgene Competitor Patiently Waiting for the Ripe Moment," Sacramento Bee, October 6, 1993.

The Economist, "Predictors of Global Famine Have Had to Eat Their Words," Sacramento Bee, June 18, 1995.

The Emerging Bioscience Skills Gap, Bay Area Bioscience Center and the Bay Area Council, Oakland, California, 1991.

Gateway to the Future: Skill Standards for the Bioscience Industry, Education Development Center, Inc., Newton, Mass., 1995

Hall, Carl T., "Making Friends With Frankenfish," 
San Francisco Examiner and Chronicle, June 18, 1995.

Hall, Carl. T., "Chiron Leads The Rebound in Biotechnology," 
San Francisco Chronicle, August 14, 1955.

Minuteman Regional Vocational Technical School District Biotechnology Task Force, Biomanufacturing in Massachusetts: An Assessment and Educational Analysis, Massachusetts State Department of Education, Lexington, Mass., 1992

Seymour, Patricia, Opportunities in Biotechnology, New York Biotechnology Association, Inc., Stony Brook, N.Y., 1994.

Yund, Mary Alice, Bioscience White Paper, NOVA Private Industry Council, Sunnyvale, Calif., 1995.